Textual Analysis of Complex Nominals Translation Errors in Economic Texts

The present study has three objectives: 1) to investigate the prevalence of complex nominals in economic discourse represented via the selected business news texts, 2) to shed some light on the most common translation errors made by second year students in the Department of Translation in rendering complex nominals into Arabic, and 3) to detect the possible causes behind such translation errors and suggest some translation tips which might sound helpful to the students of translation to find the most suitable translation equivalent. The present study is based on an empirical survey in which a selective analysis of some economic texts represented in business news texts is made. A corpus of 159 complex nominals was selected from seven business news texts collected from the students’ examination papers. It is hypothesized that many different errors will arise as a result of translating complex nominals as precisely as possible from English business news texts into Arabic. The results of the analysis revealed that the selected business news texts represented a serious challenge for second year translation students, and resulted in a number of various translation errors. It has been found that the students’ low level of bilingual competence represented the major reason for translation errors. Study findings also revealed that lexico-semantic errors were the most common type of translation errors, followed by omission, grammatical errors, misreading and finally confusion. keywords: business news texts, complex nominals, economic discourse, translation errors, department of translation تيداصتقلاا صوصنلا يف ةذقعملا تيمسلاا ثارابعلا تمجرت ءاطخلأ يصن ليلحت ليلخ يحبص نوصغ /خ٠زظٕزظٌّا خؼِبدٌا ةاد٢ا خ١ٍو / خّخززٌا ُظل ghusoonkh@yahoo.com صلختسملا :فاذ٘أ خثلاث ك١مسر ٌٝا خطارذٌا ٖذ٘ ِٟزر 1 ) ةبطخٌا ٟف حذمؼٌّا خ١ّطلاا داربجؼٌا ربشزٔا ٜذِ ٓػ ءبظمزطلاا يبّػلأا ربجخأ صٛظٔ ٟف ًثّزٌّا ٞدبظزللاا حربزخٌّا ، 2 ) ٟزٌا بػًٛ١ش زثولأا خّخززٌا ءبطخأ ٍٝػ ءٛؼٌا غؼث ءبمٌا ةلاؽ بٙجىرز٠ خ١ثزؼٌا خغٌٍا ٌٝإ حذمؼٌّا خ١ّطلاا داربجؼٌا ُٙزّخزر ءبٕثا خّخززٌا ُظل ٟف خ١ٔبثٌا خٕظٌا ، 3 ) ةبجطلأا فبشزوا رٛثؼٌٍ خّخززٌا ةلاطٌ حذ١فِ ٚذجر ذل ٟزٌا خّخززٌا دادبشرا غؼث ذاززلاٚ خّخززٌا ٟف ءبطخلأا ٖذ٘ ًثِ ءارٚ خٍّزسٌّا ذٌا ٖذ٘ ذّزؼر .تظٔلأا ّٟخززٌا ئفبىٌّا ٍٝػ خ٠دبظزللاا صٛظٌٕا ِٓ دذؼٌ ٟئبمزٔا ً١ٍسر ٗ١ف ٞزخُا ٟج٠زدر رظِ ٍٝػ خطار ِٓ خفٌؤِ خػّٛدِ دز١زخُا .يبّػلأا ربجخأ صٛظٔ ٟف خٍثٌّّا 951 خ٠ربجخإ صٛظٔ خؼجط ِٓ حذمؼِ خ١ّطا حربجػ ٍزخٌّا ءبطخلأا ِٓ ذ٠ذؼٌا رٛٙظ خطارذٌا عززفر .ةلاطٌٍ خ١ٔبسزِلاا قارٚلاا ِٓ ذؼّخُ خ٠دبظزلا داربجؼٌا خّخززٌ خد١زٔ خف ً١ٍسزٌا حئبزٔ ذفشو .خ١ثزؼٌا خغٌٍا ٌٝإ خ٠ش١ٍدٔلإا خغٌٍبث يبّػلأا ربجخأ صٛظٔ ِٓ ْبىِلإا رذل خم١لد خّخزر حذمؼٌّا خ١ّطلاا Journal of College of Education for Women-University of Baghdad P-ISSN: 1680-8738; E-ISSN: 2663-547X September, 2020 [Vol. 31(3)] ثانبلل تيبرتلا تيلك تلجم داذغب تعماج 16 ٌ ًب٠ذخ بً٠ذسر ذٍثِ حربزخٌّا يبّػلأا ربجخأ صٛظٔ ْأ خ١ٔبثٌا خٍززٌّا ٟف خّخززٌا ةلاط خّخززٌا ءبطخأ ِٓ دذػ ٟف ذججظرٚ بّو .خّخززٌا ءبطخلأ ض١ئزٌا تجظٌا ًثّ٠ خجٍطٌٍ خ١ئبٕثٌا خ٠ٛغٌٍا حءبفىٌٍ غفخٌّٕا ٜٛزظٌّا ْأ خطارذٌا ذدزٕزطا ذمٌ .خفٍزخٌّا زٔ ذفشو خ١ّدؼٌّا ءبطخلأا ْأ خطارذٌا حئب ٟ٘ خ١ٌلاذٌا بػًٛ١ش خّخززٌا ءبطخأ عاٛٔأ زثوأ خ٠ٛسٌٕا ءبطخلأا ُث فذسٌا بٙؼجز٠ ، ٘زخآٚ حءازمٌا أطخ ُث نبجررلاا ب . تيحاتفملا ثاملكلا : يبّػلأا ربجخأ صٛظٔ ،ٞدبظزللاا ةبطخٌا ،حذمؼٌّا خ١ّطلاا داربجؼٌا ، خّخززٌا ُظل ،خّخززٌا ءبطخأ


Introduction
Different terms have been used by different scholars to identify those structures which are characterized by being composed of nominal combinations that consist of a head noun preceded or followed by a modifier in their simplest form. Many different terms have been chosen depending on the specific type (or types) of these structures and how they are tackled. They have been named "long noun sequences" by Arens, et al (1987), and "nominal compounds" by Limaye and Pompian (1991) 1 . Jordan (1993), and later on both Pastor (2008) and Pastor and Mora (2013) preferred to name them "complex noun phrases". Lauer (1995), on the other hand, referred to them as "noun compounds". Johnston, et al, (1995), Montero (1996), and Busa and Johnston (1996) called them "complex nominals", and the same term has been recently used by both Cabezas-García and Gil-Berrozpe (2018), and Cabezas-García, and Faber (2018). As for de Izquierdo and Bailey (1998), a rather long term was chosen, "complex noun phrases and complex nominals". The term "Compound nominals" was used by Norris (1998). Among the other names that have been alluded to such structures are: "lexicalized noun phrases" by Godby (2002), "noun clusters and nounspeak" by Linder (2002), and "noun clusters" by Domínguez and Rokowski (2002) 2 . The name "complex nominal phrases" has been chosen by Cortés and Verdejo (2006). As for Ruiz (2006), she opted for using the term "noun strings". Nicholson and Baldwin (2008) preferred to name them "compound nominalisations". With regard to Alnaser (2010), he referred to these structures as one part of "multi-word items". Others refer to them as "compound nominal phrases" (Trisca, 2015), or "nominal groups" (Durán and Rubio, 2015). "Multi-noun compounding" is the term used by Wasak (2016), while Cabezas-García, and Faber (2017) called them "Multi-word terms". Although many different terms have been given, these structures are similar: all of them contain a head noun that is modified by another noun or by other grammatical elements.
It is worthy to mention that much of the research carried out on nominals or noun phrases had directly focused on one particular type, namely, compound nouns, because their abundance in English necessitates the understanding of their semantics in many natural language processing (NLP) applications (Kim and Nakov, 2011). For the purpose of the present study, the terms "complex nominals" and "complex noun phrases" are used interchangeably to incorporate all kinds of nominal sequences. Hence, it is believed that these two selected terms include noun clusters (where a number of nouns and adjectives are combined), long nominal groups (where other items are found such as prepositions, articles, demonstratives, conjunctions and participles), and compound nouns.
The basic element in such structures is almost always a noun modified in many versatile manners: by another noun (e.g., Germany's economy, unemployment rate) 3 , an adjective (e.g., annual inflation, early estimate), an adverb (e.g., slightly above expectations), or by a prepositional phrase (e.g., five years of steady growth, in the third quarter). Other grammatical elements, like determiners, can be utilized to modify the head noun including articles (e.g., a sign, the data), demonstratives (e.g., this recession), quantifiers (e.g., no risk of recession, some analysts), cardinal numbers (e.g., two consecutive quarters, seven years of economic growth), ordinal numbers (e.g., the fourth quarter, the second time), coordinators (e.g., higher household and government spending), -ing participles (e.g., oil-producing countries, fastest-growing

Methodology
The first part of the study is concerned with investigating the extent to which complex nominals are utilized in the economic texts under scrutiny and the various possible categories of nominalization involved. As for the second part, it points out the distribution of translation errors made by the students in their endeavour to render complex nominals into Arabic within the specific categories. From the analysis of the translation errors, some translation tips that might be helpful in the process of translating complex nominals into Arabic have been suggested.
To achieve the objectives of the study, seven economic texts (or business news texts) collected from the second-year students' examination papers in the Department of Translation, University of AL -Mustansirriyah for the academic year 2016-2017 have been selected 4 . The range of the length of the texts is between 142 to 163 words, with the total number of words reaching 1,062. Each text has been translated by ten students, making the total number of students 70. The corpus consisted of 159 complex nominals divided into seven categories depending on the number of elements in each category. An example of each category is shown in table one: One of the top five natural gas and crude oil-producing countries in the world

Complex Nominals in Specialized Discourse
Economic discourse can be seen as a special type of discourse through which the versatile characteristics of the economic phenomena are presented. According to Malankhanova and Sysoyev (2016), economic discourse is not another term for business discourse. Rather, business discourse is included in the field of economic discourse (p.62). What distinguishes economic discourse is its use of a specialized language represented through the usage of peculiar vocabulary as well as specific forms. For Brugnano (2015), economic texts are treated as a subdivision of technical texts which, in turn, encompass special language texts, i.e., texts written using Languages for Special Purposes (LSP). The English language is seen as a means that is used on a large scale to convey specialized communication, and one of the reasons which make it so is as Linder (2002) stated, is the easiness with which noun clusters are formed. It has been stated by many scholars that complex nominals, noun clusters, long sequences of nouns, noun-noun combinations, or nominalizations, in general, constitute a vastly dominant phenomenon in specialized texts: (Limaye and Pompian, 1991), (Newmark, 1988, p. 151), (De Izquierdo and Bailey,1998, pp. 19-26), (Linder, 2002, p. 261), (Domínguez and Rokowski, 2002), (Pastor, 2008, p. 29), (Linh, 2010, p. 5), (Olteanu,2012, pp. 30-42), (Nakov, 2013, p.1), (Corcodel, et al, 2014, p.46), (Brugnano,2015, p. 14), (Cabezas-García, and Faber, 2017, p. 2). Lauer (1995) believed that the use of complex noun phrases and compound nouns, in particular, is very common in all kinds of texts, but more frequently utilized in certain genres (p.25). Koskela, (1998) stated that although noun phrases can be found in all texts, they are used in a higher proportion in special language texts than in general language texts (p. 163). According to Linh (2010), premodification via noun compounding is widely used in scientific and technical texts as well, where there is an urgent need for labelling and packing aims (p. 33). Ruiz (2006) stated that any attempt to achieve creativity may be regarded as another reason for the usage of complex noun compounds by some particular writers (p. 171). This is echoed by Jordan (1993), who believes that complex noun phrases are regarded as significant symbols which ornament mature writing (p.67). Conversely, Koskela (1998), held the opinion that they serve as indicators of the practical and direct, or "impersonal" style where it is possible to express complicated ideas via condensed patterns (p.161).
The usage of complex nominals, therefore, plays a fundamental role in specialized discourse, and it usually forms an important part of economic texts. The reason is that in such a type of texts, it is often necessary to supply a large amount of information via a small number of words when space plays a vital role, and this is the exact function of the majority of nominals. It is thus the function of such nominals to present information in such a way as to keep it as short, straighter and more abridged as possible (Pastor, 2008, p. 29). The same idea is previously confirmed by Norris (1998) when stating that using compound nominals is a very useful tool to present much information in a "concise" and "compact" way (p.183). Limaye and Pompian (1991) believed that brevity is indispensable in scientific, technical and business writing, and to achieve brevity in such text types, some writers resort to the use of nominal compounds in which some parts of speech like articles, and/or prepositions are removed (p. 8). Krein-Kuhle (2003) confirmed that scientific and technical discourse in English is characterized by the frequent use of compounding-in which two or three words are used to convey the information -and can consequently serve as a means by which closely packed units are created to achieve linguistic space-saving goals (p.267). In his article on multinoun compounds, Wasak (2016) concluded that these forms are the product of creativity and that they are highly preferable when conciseness is required (p. 129). De Izquierdo and Bailey (1998) emphasized the fact that English makes frequent use of these forms by stating that more examples of such forms are created daily to keep up with the rapid developments in the field of modern technology, which require condensing much information into a few words (p.26). Ruiz (2006) gave another reason for the widespread of nominal compounds; that is to aid in formulating new words that can be used to bridge the terminology gaps that signify modern ideas, advances or inventions, or to arrive at the uniformity of the vocabulary used for the newly created terms (pp.163-164) 5 . Furthermore, Jordan (1995) held the opinion that many complex nominals can serve as convenient devices to achieve cohesion as they exhibit the presence of anaphoric connection with other lexical items, or other complex nominals in the text (p. 40).

Results of the Analysis
One hundred and fifty-nine occurrences of complex nominals have been detected in the analysis of the selected economic texts. -19 -occurrences recorded variation in the seven different categories. The most recurrent category was recorded in two-term nominals, with 46 occurrences (28.93%), while the least recurrent category was recorded in seven-term nominals, with 11 occurrences (6.91%). The second recurrent category was the fiveterm nominals, with 26 occurrences (16.35%), followed by fourterm nominals, and very long nominals, with 22 occurrences each (13.83%). The remaining two categories (three-term nominals and six-term nominals) also recorded identical occurrences, with 16 occurrences each (10.06%). The small number of occurrences recorded within the seven-term nominals category indicates the fact that such a type of complex nominals is not used as frequently as the other types within the selected texts. The highest number of occurrences of this category is three occurrences found in two of the seven texts, as can be shown in table two above. Instances of these occurrences are The Total Number of Unemployed in France (Text no. 2), and The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (Text no. 6). Conversely, two-term nominals recorded the highest number of occurrences, which, in turn, indicates their frequent use within the texts. It can be stated that this category has recorded the highest score in the number of occurrences because such a type of nominals is characterized by being highly productive and can have versatile forms, namely, different grammatical combinations as can be shown in Table three

-20 -
The second recurrent category, namely, fiveterm nominals, is characterized by the usage of coordination, as in Higher household and government spending (Text no. 1), and Labour market and housing prices (Text no. 6). Another notable feature of this category is the abundant usage of prepositions in addition to ordinal and cardinal numbers as in: Seven years of economic growth (Text no. 1), Twothirds of the unemployed (Text no. 2), and Five years of steady growth (Text no. 4).
The two categories with equal occurrences of 22 are four-term and very long nominals. The category of fourterm nominals recorded its highest frequency (5 occurrences) in two of the selected texts as in Investment in real estate (Text no. 3), and Brazil's monthly inflation rates (Text no. 7). Similarly, the category of very long nominals is highly productive in text no. 3, with 6 occurrences (see table two above). This category, as its name implies, comprises a chain of diverse modifiers represented by adjectives, nouns, prepositions, coordinators, articles, demonstratives, quantifiers, and participles as in: The world's secondlargest economy and the secondbiggest importer of both goods and commercial services (Text no. 3), and A recession after recording two consecutive quarters of negative growth in the first half of 2015 (Text no. 6).
The other two categories which recorded identical occurrences of 16 are three term nominals and sixterm nominals (see table two). What distinguishes threeterm nominals category is the plentiful usage of modifiers represented by nouns, adjectives and articles as in: The annual figure, An early estimate (Text no. 1), The general performance (Text no. 3), The unemployment rate (Text no. 5), and Low oil prices (Text no. 6). The same applieswith certainly greater extent, and with the usage of prepositions, and participlesto sixterm nominals, as in: With separate data released on Wednesday (Text no. 3), An economist with National Australia Bank (Text no. 4).

Challenges Presented by Complex Nominals
Even though complex nominals occur very frequently in economic texts and that precision and compactness are achieved, yet, they can be challenging in many ways for both native and non-native speakers. According to Armasar (2014), the economic language may sound highly technical in certain specialized texts, and as such, posing reading difficulties for native non-professionals (p.254). Nonnative speakers of English, on the other hand, may face difficulties in comprehending complex nominals. Due to their nature of being immensely productive, and the possibility of having an unlimited number of elements, their semantic interpretations are not always clear-cut (Lapata, 2002, p.357), (Pastor 2008, p. 27-28). Montero (1996), argued that as well as hindering comprehension in oral communication, adding many modifiers to the head noun can have the same effect in written discourse (p. 69).
Introducing a big amount of information via compacted expressions can result in creating ambiguity. According to Arens, et al (1987), language analyzers may face noticeable difficulties as far as nominal compounds are concerned (p.59). Some English complex nominals are made up of a string of nouns with no clear identification of their semantic relations. Such semantic relations, therefore, can display multiple interpretations determined by pragmatic and contextual considerations (Kim and Baldwin, 2008, p.39). An emphasis of this particular aspect of difficulty has also been presented by Norris (1998, p.73), Girju, et al (2005, p.480), and by Ruiz (2006, p. 171), who stated that many readings might be available for some complex nominal strings before arriving at their correct interpretations because they can have various combinations, all of which are correct from a grammatical point of view. For this reason, Montero (1996), suggested that the number of modifiers should not surpass three in general, (and it is more preferable to have a noun modified by no more than one other noun), to intensify reading easiness (p.68-69). Johnston, etal, (1995, p.69) and Cabezas-García and Gil- Berrozpe (2018, p.278), held the opinion that complex nominals represent not a single difficulty, rather they can create many problems which can be related to their semantic and syntactic characterization, their manner of description within texts, and their manifestations in specific fields. Domínguez and Rokowski (2002) believe that the complexity and the number of nominals will increase whenever the topic becomes more specialized.
As far as the translation of these complex nominals into other languages is concerned, many extra problems are expected to arise. According to Malankhanova, and Sysoyev (2015), the aim behind translating economic texts is certainly to transmit the most proper translation taking into account the dissimilarities present in the actual economic situations of distinct countries (p.68). Trisca (2015), confirmed that complex compounds are regarded as the most challenging issue in the translation of EST (English for Science and Technology) (pp. 517-518). Busa and Johnston (1996), considered the dissimilarities in the structure of complex noun phrases across different languages a challenging issue for many NLP (Natural Language Processing) applications. Pastor and Mora (2013), believe that it is not always possible to translate some complex nominals by using the corresponding lexical elements in different languages (p.30). Both Busa and Johnston (1996) and Krein-Kuhle (2003, p. 267), affirmed that the semantic analysis and the translation of complex nominals is a real obstacle for translators, and this can be attributed to the different formation processes of the source language and target language terms, and the complex relations holding between the constituents. English complex nominals in general, and compound constructions in particular, usually give rise to difficulties and errors in interpretation and translation as a result of their being semantically compact (Amer and Menacere, 2013, p.214). Linh (2010), stated that incorrect interpretations may result if the correct syntactic structures were not identified, since the source and the target languages may display different patterns in which the modifiers and the head nouns are ordered (p.34). Wang and Fan (2014), emphasized that translators of economic texts should pay special attention to long sentenceswhich are characteristic of economic textsin which many modifiers are used (p. 787). Domínguez and Rokowski (2002) stated that since economic texts display the presence of many specialized words, extensive use of noun clusters and a good proportion of polysemous terms; this will make it harder for both the common reader and the translator.

Analysis of Translation Errors
A careful analysis has been carried out on the seven categories of complex nominals in the seven selected texts to arrive at the most common translation errors made by the students. It has been found that these translation errors can be divided into five major types: lexicosemantic errors, omission, grammatical errors, misreading and confusion. The frequency and percentage of each of these five major types are illustrated in table four below:

-22 -
The analysis revealed that lexico-semantic errors recorded the most recurrent translation error type with 382 occurrences out of the total occurrences of 653, representing 58. 49 %. Omission exhibited the next recurrent translation error type with 178 (27.25 %) out of 653 occurrences. The third recurrent translation error type (62 occurrences, nearly 9.49 %) was found within the type of grammatical errors and was followed by errors related to misreading; with 24 occurrences (3.67%). The least recurrent translation error which is attributed to confusion recorded seven occurrences only, representing 1.07 %.

Lexico -Semantic Errors
Lexico-semantic errors had the highest frequency with 382 occurrences out of the total occurrences of 653, representing 58.49% (see Table four above). Within this type of translation errors, students failed to choose the correct lexical items in the process of translating English complex nominals into their mother tongue, i.e., Arabic. Although the participant students were supposed to be familiar with almost all the specialized economic terminology used in the texts under analysis during their daily translation activities in the class, they were not able to give the correct lexical equivalents. The inappropriate lexical selections made by the students may lead to distortion or misunderstanding of the original texts. It was found that such errors involved either a single word inside the complex noun phrase, or else the whole complex nominal was erroneously transferred into the target language. The lexico-semantic errors found in the analysis were classified into two groups depending on the types of errors. The first group was concerned with common and specialized vocabulary, the second with proper names. The frequency, as well as the percentage of these two groups, is shown in table five below, followed by the discussion of each group.

Common and Specialized Vocabulary
Within this sub-type of lexico-semantic errors, common vocabulary, and specialized terminology as well, were incorrectly translated into the target language. It is worthy to mention that choosing the most suitable equivalent of the common vocabularylet alone the specialized vocabularyis vital to produce an accurate version of the original text. Economic texts are characterized by utilizing common nouns in two ways. Firstly, these words are used to denote common vocabulary such as (work, jobs, prices, crisis, goods, data, services). It is expected that such words will not cause serious problems in translation. However, many translation errors were found in which the participant students were unable to give the correct equivalents of such common vocabulary. Table six   Notably, many participant students were not only unable to provide the correct equivalents of certain vocabularies within the complex nominals, but also, they used words with opposite meanings. Such being the case, the intended meaning of the original word will be distorted, as can be shown in table seven below: -24 -Secondly, many common nouns are employed to denote specialized vocabulary which is peculiar to economic discourse such as (recession, quarter, contraction, stagnation, slump, inflation, interest rates, pound, package, real estate, shrinkage, boom). Here, many difficulties are expected to be encountered by the participant students if they were unfamiliar with such specialized vocabulary, hence, they may fail to choose the adequate terminology or use the equivalents that go in line with the stylistic register of the original text. According to Olteanu (2012), it is quite essential for the translator of an economic text to choose the most appropriate terminology (p.21). It is worthy to mention that the field of economic discourse witnesses an ongoing development that new specialized terms are added to the vocabulary. Some of the translation errors concerning specialized economic vocabulary are listed in table eight below, along with brief definitions of these specialized terms (whenever necessary): A process whereby the average price level in an economy increases over time (Stanford, 2008, p -25 -Many translation errors listed above (as well as all the other errors detected) prove that the participant students were unaware of the fact that the words which are used to denote common meanings in everyday language will earn particular specialized meanings when used in technical discourse such as the economic texts.
Another cause for the translation errors can be attributed to the students' ignorance of the cultural differences manifested via some economic terms. It is very important to determine the appropriate cultural context of the specific economic term to arrive at the most suitable equivalent. It has been observed that the students' lack of cultural knowledge resulted in erroneous translations of the word (pound). It is used to refer to the monetary unit used in many countries (see table eight above). This specific word was found in text number five which deals specifically with inflation in Egypt (see appendix), hence, it is used to refer to the Egyptian pound in particular, and not to any of the other denotations of this currency in other nations. It is worthy to mention that words should not be translated in isolation, but according to the context in which they are used. Newmark (1988), stated that the context plays a decisive role as far as technical terms are concerned, and that the translators should pay great attention to the diversities exhibited within the contexts (p.80). Words should be translated as they are constrained by their cultural context. This opinion is echoed by Borysova (2015), who confirmed that it is quite indispensable for the translator to determine the context in which a certain economic term is used and be armed with good economic knowledge to provide his /her readers with the most suitable equivalent (p.163).
Though not very recurrent in the analysis, polysemy constituted another type of lexicosemantic errors. When the same word has multiple senses, and these senses are related, it is considered as a case of polysemy (Saeed, 2009, p. 64). Some students failed to recognize the peculiar differences in the usage of certain words that can have two or more related meanings. Translation errors, therefore, are expected if the differences in the usage of the polysemous words are not taken into account by the participant students. The word (performance) (Text no. 3), is an example of polysemy since it has got two or more related meanings. The exact meaning of the word in economics 6 can best be translated into ‫اداء‬ ) ). A single case had been detected in which the participant student made an error which had a negative effect on the meaning when transferring the common meaning of the word (performance) 7 . Ignoring the exact meaning intended in the economic text, and not paying attention to all the other possible meanings of the word resulted in rendering it into: ‫.)اٌؼزع(‬ The word (conditions)in the nominal phrase (The tough economic conditions) (Text no. 5) is another example of polysemy. Here, the participant students neglected the common meaning of the word; referring to the circumstances or situations which affect how people live and work: ( ( ‫االٚػبع‬ , and opted for translating it into: ‫.)اٌشزٚؽ(‬ Another example of the translation errors related to polysemy is the word (decline), within the complex nominal (Its decline in growth) (Text no.3). The intended meaning in economics is to denote (a state in which numbers and values are deteriorating gradually and continuously) 8 . Some students were quite unsuccessful in rendering it into ‫;)رفغ)‬ by choosing the other meaning which would not fit within the context, namely, (refusing an invitation or an offer).
The word (fall) in the complex nominal (A fall of the same level) is an instance of a polysemous word whose different meanings are related in one way or another. When used in an economic text, its expected intended meaning is usually (a decrease in levels, prices and amounts) 9 . Its suitable equivalents are ‫.رزاخغ/أخفبع/٘جٛؽ‬ Some translation errors were detected in which the most common meaning of the word (fall), i.e., a drop down to the ground ‫,)طمٛؽ)‬ was used. Re-reading the original text and proofreading the translation are essential requirements to solve any problems concerning polysemy.

Proper Names
The analysis revealed that proper names constitute a very essential element in many complex nominals, as they are used to refer to names of countries, nationalities, banks, agencies, offices or authorities, and organizations. Translation errors involving proper names occurred 58 times, representing 15.18% (see table five above). Surprisingly, some students made errors in rendering the names of well-known countries and/ or nationalities. Other students failed to transfer the accurate equivalents for the names of banks, organizations, agencies, offices or authorities. Table nine below exemplifies some of these translation errors: For the students to give accurate translations, it is necessary for them not only to acquire a good amount of background knowledge related to economics but also to keep updating their knowledge in the economic field to catch up with the ongoing developments that will be reflected in the newly coined nominals. As Armasar (2014) puts it, translators should always keep in touch with the ever-changing economic realities (p.258). Besides the essential linguistic competence, Al-Ma'ni (2000), argues that it is a prerequisite for the translator to possess a good amount of knowledge with respect to the subject matter of the original text and to pay special attention to the specialized terminology which characterizes the technical text (p.88).

Omission
Another obvious translation error is the omission of certain items from the target text. As has previously been shown in table four, this is the second recurrent translation error; with 178 occurrences (27.25%) out of the total number of translation errors. It has been confirmed in many studies that omission may take place when no equivalents exist in the target language (Sharma, 2015, p. 6), or when the item is omitted does not constitute an essential part within the text (Baker, 1992, p. 40). Omitting important items, on the other hand, will have a serious effect on the quality of the translation version. It is believed by Koman, et al (2019) that leaving any source text item out of the target text will make the delivered message incomplete (p. 212). Farghal and Al-Mu'min (2016), believe that even if the source language compound is very challenging, the translator should look for a suitable translation procedure to render its meaning into the target language other than deleting it altogether (p.170). It is worthy to mention that the high frequency of omission cases of complex nominals detected in the analysis indicates that this is a big issue that should be tackled with much carefulness to arrive at the possible causes for these omissions. To begin with, two types of omission were found: total omission and partial omission. As the name suggests, the total omission is evident when the whole complex nominal is omitted. Partial omission, on the other hand, means omitting one or more words within the complex nominals. Table ten below shows the frequency and percentage of both types of omission: The analysis has revealed that many students made unacceptable and unjustifiable translation errors when resorting to omission, whether wholly or partially. Their ignorance of either the meanings of specific items or the existence of translation equivalents gave rise to the high frequency of omission cases. In some cases of partial omission, the omitted words did not lead to much loss in translation; as the case with the omission of determiners. A great amount of loss in translation, however, was prominent when important words were omitted, as can be seen in table eleven below:

Grammatical Errors
The analysis of the translations of complex nominals made by the participating students showed that different grammatical errors were detected. The total number of grammatical errors is 62, representing 9.49% (see table four). After carrying out a more detailed analysis of such different errors, it has been found that these errors could be divided into four sub-types as -28 -illustrated in table twelve below. The most notable grammatical sub -type error is numberrelated errors, followed by errors resulting from noncompliance with target language rules. The other two subtypes of errors in ascending order are caserelated errors and transposition.

Number -Related Errors
The grammatical number refers to the distinction between singular and plural in English, and between singular, dual and plural in Arabic. The analysis of complex nominals translation errors showed that 25 cases, nearly (40.32%), made numberrelated errors. It is stated by Al Ghussain (2003) that neglecting the precise rendition of singular or plural nouns is rejected with the absence of any reasonable justifications (p.215). All the errors detected represented rendering singular nouns in the source texts into plural nouns in the target texts:  An early estimate (Text no. 1) was translated into ‫ِجىزح‬ ‫رمذ٠زاد‬  The government's priority (Text no. 2) was wrongly rendered as ‫اٌسىِٛخ‬ ‫اٌٚٛ٠بد‬  The unemployment rate (Text no. 5) was translated as ‫اٌجطبٌخ‬ ‫ِؼذالد‬  An economist (Text no. 4) was rendered as either ‫الزظبد٠ْٛ‬ or ‫االلزظبد‬ ‫ػٍّبء‬  A political crisis (Text no. 7) was erroneously translated into ‫ط١بط١خ‬ ‫اسِبد‬  The country (Text no. 1) was translated into ‫اٌجٍذاْ‬

Non-Compliance with Target Language Rules
Within this sub-type of grammatical translation errors, violations of four grammatical rules in the target language, i.e., Arabic, were witnessed. It has been observed that the first violation involved the rule of polarity in gender between the numeral and the noun it modifies. This rule states that the numbers from 3 to 10 should be used in the feminine form when the noun they modify is masculine, and they should be used in the masculine form when the noun they modify is feminine. Seven out of 18 errors, nearly 38.88%, indicate that the participant students ignored this grammatical rule. The following two examples are illustrations of this translation error:  Seven years of economic growth (Text no. 1) was rendered as ‫االلزظبدٞ‬ ‫إٌّٛ‬ ِٓ ‫طٕٛاد‬ ‫,طجؼخ‬ while it should be rendered as ‫طٕٛاد‬ ‫طجغ‬ since the singular form of the noun being modified is feminine. The second violation concerns an important Arabic syntactic rule which states that there is an agreement in number, gender, case and definiteness between the adjectives and the nouns they modify. The analysis shows that six out of 18 grammatical errors, or 33.33% were made when this rule was neglected. The following examples illustrate this kind of translation errors:

Journal of College of Education for Women-University of Baghdad
 Five years of steady growth. (Text no. 4). Here, indefiniteness in the original text was erroneously rendered into ‫اٌثبثذ‬ ‫إٌّٛ‬ ِٓ ‫طٕٛاد‬ ‫اٌخّض‬ , where the adjective is definite but the noun is indefinite.
 Germany's exports (Text no. 1) was translated into ‫االٌّبٔ١خ‬ ‫طبدراد‬ or ‫اٌظبد‬ ‫اٌّبٔ١خ‬ ‫راد‬ , where there is no agreement in definiteness between the adjective and the noun it modifies.
The third violation detected involved word order. It has been found that three out of 18 errors, or 16.66 %, are made when the normal Arabic word order is violated. Arabic adjectives normally follow the nouns they modify. Some students, however, ignored this syntactic dissimilarity between Arabic and English, and made translation errors by adopting the English word order in their translations:  Crude oil (Text no. 6) was translated into ‫إٌفؾ‬ ‫اٌخبَ‬ instead of ‫اٌخبَ‬ ‫إٌفؾ‬ This also applies to nouns which are used to modify other nouns:  Labour market and housing prices (Text no. 6) was rendered as ‫االطؼبر‬ ‫ِٕٚبسي‬ ‫اٌؼًّ‬ ‫,اطٛاق‬ rather than ‫اٌؼًّ‬ ‫طٛق‬ ‫إٌّبسي‬ ‫ٚاطؼبر‬  Egypt inflation (Text no. 5) was rendered into ‫اٌزؼخُ‬ ‫ِظز‬ rather than ‫ِظز‬ ‫فٟ‬ ‫اٌزؼخُ‬ or ‫اٌزؼخُ‬ ‫اٌّظزٞ‬ The students opted for translating each English word literally into its Arabic equivalent by keeping the same English word order, which resulted in unacceptable word order in Arabic. It is advisable to adapt to the normal patterns used in the target language and this case, the structure should be reversed. To ensure producing the best translation equivalent of a complex nominal, it is recommended that the final term, namely the head noun is to be translated first, then moving in a backward direction. In this way, the normal Arabic word order will be preserved, and the reader will have access to an easily and accurately translated version.
The fourth and final violation is related to the conjunctive particle (waw) ‫اٌٛاٚ‬ (and), which is an additive conjunctive particle that can be used to link more than two nouns or phrases. When used for listing, it is repeated before every noun or phrase in. But in English, a comma is used instead. Fortunately, only two instances, nearly 11.11%, did not pay much attention to this difference. The translations, therefore, sounded more source languageoriented than target language-oriented, since commas were used before every noun except the last one:  ….. better than Canada,Brazil,the US and New Zealand (Text no. 4) was translated into ‫ٚٔ١ٛسٌٕذا‬ ‫اٌّزسذح‬ ‫اٌٛال٠بد‬ ‫اٌجزاس٠ً،‬ ‫وٕذا،‬ ِٓ ‫افؼً‬

Case-Related Errors
The nominal category of case refers to a significant grammatical concept in Arabic in which a noun and an adjective can display one of three case contrasts: nominative, accusative or genitive. Different specific case endings are utilized to indicate the three cases. It is expected that since the students are translating into their mother tongue, i.e., Arabic, they will abide by case rules. Yet, surprisingly, ten instances, about 16.12%, were found in which the students failed to use the correct cases of nouns or adjectives (see table twelve); a matter that can be  Some analysts are hoping 10 (Text no. 4). The underlined two-term nominal functions as the subject. The first element, namely, the quantifier (some), when translated into Arabic, must have the nominative case marker, while the genitive case is used for the second member of a construct state. This case rule was ignored by some students who translated this noun phrase into ‫اٌّسٍٍْٛ‬ ‫ثؼغ‬  Brazil witnessed twentyfour consecutive months of negative growth (Text no. 7).  Here, a coupled number is found, and it can best be translated into ‫ا‬ ‫اٌجزاس٠ً‬ ‫شٙذد‬ ‫ٚػشز٠ٓ‬ ‫رثؼخ‬ ‫إٌّٛاٌظٍجٟ‬ ِٓ ‫ِززبٌ١ب‬ ‫.شٙزا‬ The first number, namely, the one preceding (waw) (and) functions as the direct object and should be in the accusative case. Once again, some students did not pay attention to this grammatical rule, and consequently, their translations were not correct as in ‫شٙزا‬ ‫ٚػشزْٚ‬ ‫ارثؼخ‬

Transposition
This sub-type of grammatical errors refers to any change or shift that is made on the class of the word when translated. A source language unit acquires a different class in the target language. The analysis shows that nine instances, accounting for 14.51%, were detected in which transposition takes place (see table twelve), but it is observed that these shifts were unjustifiable. Interestingly, all the nine errors are limited to the grammatical category of determiners, and concern articles and demonstratives; as can be illustrated in the following examples:  The recession (Text no. 6). Here, a definite article is used and it has undergone a process of transposition by being changed into a demonstrative when translated: ‫اٌزوٛد‬ ‫٘ذا‬  Five years of steady growth (Text no. 4). In this example, indefiniteness was shifted into definiteness in translation: ‫اٌثبثذ‬ ‫إٌّٛ‬ ِٓ ‫اٌخّض‬ ‫اٌظٕٛاد‬ To achieve accuracy, it is necessary to keep the same class of the word in the source text when transferred into the target text. This has also been confirmed by Al Ghussain (2003), who argued that it is vital to encourage students to be accurate in tackling the grammatical issue of definiteness and indefiniteness (p.215).

Misreading
Table four shows that the number of translation errors attributed to misreading reached 24 occurrences, namely, 3.67% of the total number of translation errors. Misreading takes place when there are similarities in the spelling of words. According to Wongranu (2017), misreading is treated as a sign of carelessness on the part of the students who did not pay much attention to the written words or did not bother to re-read the original text to revise their translations (p.121). It is predicted that some sort of failure in communication between the source text and the target text will result due to misreading (Al-Ali, 2007, p.1). When misreading occurs, new different words will appear whose meanings will not go in line with the meanings of the original words. It has been found that the reading errors made by the participant students had such a negative effect on the quality of their translations that the intended meanings had undergone much distortion. As a result of those reading errors, nouns were turned into adjectives or vice versa, possessive (s) was misread into plural (s). All these instances can be shown in table thirteen below:

Confusion
Even though errors related to confusion represent the lowest frequent occurring error type (seven occurrences only, representing 1.07 %.) (See table four), it is quite important to discuss these errors to give a clearer and more comprehensive image of this particular type of translation errors. Instead of giving a single suitable translation equivalent, some students, who lacked self-confidence, provided target text readers with alternative translation equivalents. Koman, et al (2019) used the term "indecision" to refer to this translation error (p.211). Sometimes, the second alternative is put in brackets, in some cases both alternatives are wrong, and some cases of confusion resulted from misreading (see table fourteen below). In their endeavour to feel safe, some students opt for giving more than one equivalent for a specific nominal phrase and let the target text readers select the best equivalent. It has been argued by Al Ghussain (2003), that this procedure followed by some students should be avoided as it indicates their uncertainty and they are not tackling translation professionally (pp. 199 -221). Table fourteen below illustrates the translation errors due to confusion:

Conclusions and Recommendations
The analysis carried out in the first part of the study revealed that complex nominalization constituted a very significant phenomenon in the selected economic texts. Complex nominals are utilized to enrich the economic texts, and to ornament them with the different manifestations that these complex nominals take. The study came up with seven categories of complex nominals depending on the number of items in each category. It has been found out that the most recurrent category is the category of two-term nominals, with 46 -32 -occurrences (28.93%), and the least recurrent category is the seven-term nominals, with 11 occurrences (6.91%).
The second part of the study was concerned with investigating the most prominent translation errors made by the participant students in rendering those complex nominals into Arabic. The study concluded that lexico-semantic errors recorded the highest frequency of translation errors, with 382 occurrences (58. 49%). This high frequency indicates that the participant students have some serious problems regarding lexical meanings. These problems include the failure to select the correct equivalent for a given nominal, opting for literal translation as the only possible translation procedure, unawareness of the differences between the common and specialized meanings, incorrect translations of proper names and polysemyrelated problems. Omission constituted the second recurrent type of translation errors (178 occurrences, 27. 25%). It has been found that omitting important words will lead to some sort of translation loss. Grammatical errors recorded the third recurrent translation errors (62 occurrences, 9.49%). Though translating into their mother tongue, the participant students made different grammatical errors. Their low level of bilingual competence made them unaware of other possible renditions of the original complex nominals than the direct transfer which resulted in poor literal renditions. Misreading was the fourth recurrent type of translation errors, with 24 occurrences (3.67%). Not paying much attention to the written words -and consequently misreading them -will lead to some kind of communication failure; simply because wholly different words are expected to appear. The least recurrent type of translation errors with seven cases only (1.07%) is confusion, which results when being not confident or uncertain of the meanings of some lexical items within the complex nominals. The study concluded that it is possible to overcome all such errors by following some simple helpful translation instructions Furthermore, the students should be equipped with extensive training that can enable them to improve their linguistic awareness so as to detect what went on wrong in the translated version and revise it to get the best results. Finally, it is highly recommended for students to proofread their translations for the purpose of revising as well as editing to check for any grammatical, lexical or semantic errors, and to improve their style of translation. After all, two factors play a vital role in the process of translating complex nominals: their degree of complexity and how experienced the translator is.